寻线搬运机器人模型及其控制系统设计
摘要
近年来,随着机器人技术的发展,移动机器人轨迹跟踪问题受到了人们越来越多的关注。前轮转向、后轮驱动的轮式类车移动机器人与四轮汽车的运动学模型相近,因此对轮式类车移动机器人的轨迹跟踪控制问题的研究在汽车自动驾驶、智能交通等方面具有重要的意义。
自动引导机器人技术可用于无人驾驶汽车,无人工厂、仓库及服务机器人等领域。本文详细介绍了基于51单片机的巡线机器人设计,其主要包括超声波检测模块、红外巡线检测、电动机调速驱动以及搬用机械手模块。该系统在单片机的控制下,采集、存储、处理巡线系统输入的数字信号,并通过驱动系统来控制直流电机,使机器人按照预设的路线行走及搬运物体。该系统使用反射式红外传感器识别与地面颜色差别较大的引导线信息,采用L298H桥驱动电路和PWM波调速方法控制行走电机。给出了系统调试方法并分析了试验数据,讨论了提升系统性能的必要手段,实现了机器人的自动巡线功能。
本设计采用以AT89C51单片机为核心的低成本、高精度、微型化数字显示超声波测距仪的硬件电路和软件设计方法。整个电路采用模块化设计,由主程序、预置子程序、发射子程序、接收子程序模块组成。探头的信号经单片机综合分析处理,实现超声波测距的功能。在此基础上设计了系统的总体方案,最后通过硬件和软件实现了各个功能模块。相关部分附有硬件电路图、程序流程图。
关键词:机器人;巡线;光电三极管;PWM波;51单片机;超声波
Abstract
With the developme
nt of robot tech
nology,the trajectory—tracki
ng problem of mobile robot is paid more a
nd more atte
ntio
n.Awheeled car-like mobile robot,which is steered by two fro
ntwheel sa
nd drive
n by two realwheels,has similar ki
nematic model to that of a four-wheel car.So the study o
n the trajectory-tracki
ng problem of thewheeled car-like mobile robot is sig
nifica
nt for automatic drive of car aswell as i
ntellige
nt tra
nsportatio
n. Automatic Guided robot tech
nology ca
n be used for u
nma
n
ned aerialvehicles, u
nma
n
ned factories,warehouses a
nd service robots, a
nd other fields. This paper describes Li
ne-tracki
ng robot desig
n o
n the base of the 51. Its mai
n module i
nclude: photoelectric detectio
n module ultraso
nic measureme
nt detectio
n a
nd li
ne patrols a
nd i
nfrared detectio
n, Motor-drive
n, huma
n-machi
ne i
nterfaces. U
nder the co
ntrol of the si
ngle-chip microcomputer subsystem, the system ca
n collect, save a
nd process the digital sig
nal from the li
ne-tracki
ng system, the
n co
ntrols the motor through the drivi
ng system, a
ndwith the system robot ca
n move accordi
ng to rei
nstalli
ng tracki
ng. The system uses i
nfrared reflecta
nce se
nsor ide
ntificatio
nwith the grou
ndvary greatly i
n color li
ne guide i
nformatio
n, Drivers usi
ng L298H bridge circuit a
nd PWM co
ntrol methodswave speed motor ru
n
ni
ng. Commissio
ni
ng is a systematic method of a
nalysis a
nd test data, discussed the upgrade system performa
nce
necessary mea
ns, the robot's automatic li
ne-tracki
ng fu
nctio
n. At the core of the desig
n usi
ng AT89C51 low-cost, high accuracy, Micro figures show that the ultraso
nic ra
nge fi
nder hardware a
nd software desig
n methods. Modular desig
n of thewhole circuit from the mai
n program, pre subrouti
ne fired subrouti
ne receive subrouti
ne. display subrouti
ne modules form. SCM comprehe
nsive a
nalysis of the probe sig
nal processi
ng, a
nd the ultraso
nic ra
nge fi
nder fu
nctio
n. O
n the basis of the overall system desig
n, hardware a
nd software by the e
nd of each module. Keyword: robot; li
ne-tracki
ng; photoelectric triode;PWMwave,;51si
ngle-chip microcomputer;ultraso
nic 目录 引言1 1绪论2 1.1移动机器人概述2 1.1.1巡线机器人的发展2 1.2移动机器人的设计思路5 1.3课题设计的任务和要求5 2移动机器人总体设计7 2.1移动机器人整体设计7 2.2移动机器人整体方案论证7 2.2.1传感器设计方案7 2.2.2电机的选择及驱动方案9 2.2.3电机的控制方案选择10 3移动机器人模型结构及引导系统设计12 3.1移动机器人模型结构12 3.2移动机器人引导系统12 3.2.1导轨引导系统12 3.2.2机器视觉引导系统13 4控制系统电路设计15 4.1单片机的功能特点15 4.2红外检测电路的设计17 4.3超声波测距的硬件设计18 4.3.1超声波测距的原理18 4.3.2超声波发射电路19 4.3.3超声波检测接收电路20 4.4搬用物检测电路20 4.5电机驱动电路21 4.6电源模块设计23 4.7报警电路设计23 5系统软件的设计24 5.1编程思路及总流程图24 5.1.1总流程图24 5.1.2程序设计思路25 5.2超声波测距的算法设计25 5.3巡线算法设计26 5.4电机控制设计27 5.5超声波发生子程序与超声波接受中断程序28 5.6完整源程序29 5.7控制效果报告33 6结论35 谢辞36 参考文献37 附录38
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nt of robot tech
nology,the trajectory—tracki
ng problem of mobile robot is paid more a
nd more atte
ntio
n.Awheeled car-like mobile robot,which is steered by two fro
ntwheel sa
nd drive
n by two realwheels,has similar ki
nematic model to that of a four-wheel car.So the study o
n the trajectory-tracki
ng problem of thewheeled car-like mobile robot is sig
nifica
nt for automatic drive of car aswell as i
ntellige
nt tra
nsportatio
n. Automatic Guided robot tech
nology ca
n be used for u
nma
n
ned aerialvehicles, u
nma
n
ned factories,warehouses a
nd service robots, a
nd other fields. This paper describes Li
ne-tracki
ng robot desig
n o
n the base of the 51. Its mai
n module i
nclude: photoelectric detectio
n module ultraso
nic measureme
nt detectio
n a
nd li
ne patrols a
nd i
nfrared detectio
n, Motor-drive
n, huma
n-machi
ne i
nterfaces. U
nder the co
ntrol of the si
ngle-chip microcomputer subsystem, the system ca
n collect, save a
nd process the digital sig
nal from the li
ne-tracki
ng system, the
n co
ntrols the motor through the drivi
ng system, a
ndwith the system robot ca
n move accordi
ng to rei
nstalli
ng tracki
ng. The system uses i
nfrared reflecta
nce se
nsor ide
ntificatio
nwith the grou
ndvary greatly i
n color li
ne guide i
nformatio
n, Drivers usi
ng L298H bridge circuit a
nd PWM co
ntrol methodswave speed motor ru
n
ni
ng. Commissio
ni
ng is a systematic method of a
nalysis a
nd test data, discussed the upgrade system performa
nce
necessary mea
ns, the robot's automatic li
ne-tracki
ng fu
nctio
n. At the core of the desig
n usi
ng AT89C51 low-cost, high accuracy, Micro figures show that the ultraso
nic ra
nge fi
nder hardware a
nd software desig
n methods. Modular desig
n of thewhole circuit from the mai
n program, pre subrouti
ne fired subrouti
ne receive subrouti
ne. display subrouti
ne modules form. SCM comprehe
nsive a
nalysis of the probe sig
nal processi
ng, a
nd the ultraso
nic ra
nge fi
nder fu
nctio
n. O
n the basis of the overall system desig
n, hardware a
nd software by the e
nd of each module. Keyword: robot; li
ne-tracki
ng; photoelectric triode;PWMwave,;51si
ngle-chip microcomputer;ultraso
nic 目录 引言1 1绪论2 1.1移动机器人概述2 1.1.1巡线机器人的发展2 1.2移动机器人的设计思路5 1.3课题设计的任务和要求5 2移动机器人总体设计7 2.1移动机器人整体设计7 2.2移动机器人整体方案论证7 2.2.1传感器设计方案7 2.2.2电机的选择及驱动方案9 2.2.3电机的控制方案选择10 3移动机器人模型结构及引导系统设计12 3.1移动机器人模型结构12 3.2移动机器人引导系统12 3.2.1导轨引导系统12 3.2.2机器视觉引导系统13 4控制系统电路设计15 4.1单片机的功能特点15 4.2红外检测电路的设计17 4.3超声波测距的硬件设计18 4.3.1超声波测距的原理18 4.3.2超声波发射电路19 4.3.3超声波检测接收电路20 4.4搬用物检测电路20 4.5电机驱动电路21 4.6电源模块设计23 4.7报警电路设计23 5系统软件的设计24 5.1编程思路及总流程图24 5.1.1总流程图24 5.1.2程序设计思路25 5.2超声波测距的算法设计25 5.3巡线算法设计26 5.4电机控制设计27 5.5超声波发生子程序与超声波接受中断程序28 5.6完整源程序29 5.7控制效果报告33 6结论35 谢辞36 参考文献37 附录38
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