山地茶园松土、施肥一体机设计
摘要
我国是农业大国同时也是人口大国,对粮食的需求量巨大,虽然是人口大国,但是大量的人口被束缚在土地上,没有充分的转化为人力资源。因此,我国农业生产模式从人力向机械化发展,将农业向产业化发展是提高农业经济效益的必然趋势。农业的机械化、产业化发展是根据现今的科学技术利用先进生产工具来实现的。目前,我国平原地区农业机械已经实现了半机械化生产,大大降低了农民朋友的劳动量,但是我国绝大部分土地是在复杂地形,必须丘陵,山地等,想实现机械化生产还有很大的难度,尤其是田园农业机械化生产相对落后。我国山地茶园的机械化作业水平还比较低,大多数作业仍依靠手工劳动,强度大、效率低。近几年,国内引进开发了一些山地茶园耕耘机械,但存在体积大、适应性差等问题。为此,研制了适宜于国内山地茶园作业的小型松土施肥机。根据山地茶园内土壤比较松软、空间狭小等特点,方便的动力条件以及农艺要求,确定小型松土施肥机的结构方案。整机主要由汽油发动机、传动系统、松土机构、行走装置、操作机构等组成,汽油发动机提供动力,通过离合器器与减速器连接;减速器将动力传递给工作部件,实现松土作业的目的:通过人工控制料斗开关控制施肥装置,实现施肥的目的。本课题主要设计了一种田园复杂地形所使用的松土施肥机,此机型主要有小型化,操作方便,等优点,适合单人手扶操作,能够很大程度的降低果农劳动强度,提高工作效率。
本课题在确定了山地茶园松土施肥机的设计要求等因素后,主要借助于计算机辅助设计,进行了参数化建模,主要来讲是利用了AutoCAD软件,绘制了整机零部件的图样,完成了关键零件的强度校核,为样机的制造和保证工作的可靠性提供了依据。针对国内山地茶园种植的现状,由汽油发动机提供动力,减小了机组的重量和尺寸。实现人工耕地的运动特点,提高了松土作业的质量和经济性。传动系统、行走系统的设计保持了较高的通用性,有进一步开发和推广的价值。
关键词:山地茶园松土施肥机机械化结构设计
Abstract
To Chi
na is a large agricultural cou
ntry a
nd a large populatio
n. The dema
nd for grai
n is huge. Although it is a large populatio
n, a large
number of people are co
nfi
ned to the la
nd a
nd have
not bee
n fully tra
nsformed i
nto huma
n resources. Therefore, the developme
nt of Chi
na's agricultural productio
n mode from ma
npower to mecha
nizatio
n, a
nd the developme
nt of agriculture to i
ndustrializatio
n are the i
nevitable tre
nd of improvi
ng agricultural eco
nomic efficie
ncy. The developme
nt of mecha
nizatio
n a
nd i
ndustrializatio
n of agriculture is based o
n moder
n scie
nce a
nd tech
nology a
nd the use of adva
nced productio
n tools. At prese
nt, agricultural machi
nery i
n the plai
n area of our cou
ntry has realized the semi mecha
nized productio
n, which greatly reduced the amou
nt of labor of the farmer's frie
nds, but most of the la
nd i
n our cou
ntry is i
n the complex terrai
n, it must be hilly, mou
ntai
nous a
nd so o
n. It is very difficult to realize mecha
nized productio
n, especially the agricultural mecha
nized productio
n i
n farmla
nd is relatively backward. The mecha
nized operatio
n level of mou
ntai
n tea garde
n i
n Chi
na is still relatively low. Most of the operatio
ns still rely o
n ma
nual labor, with great i
nte
nsity a
nd low efficie
ncy.I
n rece
nt years, some mou
ntai
n tea pla
ntatio
n machi
nery has bee
n i
ntroduced, but there are ma
ny problems such as large volume a
nd poor adaptability. For this purpose, a small loose
n fertilizi
ng machi
ne suitable for mou
ntai
n tea pla
ntatio
n i
n Chi
na was developed. Accordi
ng to the characteristics of soft soil a
nd small space i
n the mou
ntai
n tea garde
n, the co
nve
nie
nt dy
namic co
nditio
ns a
nd the agro
nomic requireme
nts, the structure of the small soil fertilizi
ng machi
ne is determi
ned. The whole machi
ne is mai
nly composed of gasoli
ne e
ngi
ne, tra
nsmissio
n system, loose
ni
ng earth mecha
nism, walki
ng device, operati
ng mecha
nism a
nd so o
n. The gasoli
ne e
ngi
ne provides power a
nd co
n
nects with the reducer with the clutch. The reducer tra
nsfers power to the worki
ng parts to realize the purpose of the pi
ne soil operatio
n. The purpose of applyi
ng fertilizer. This paper mai
nly desig
ned a ki
nd of pi
ne soil fertilizi
ng machi
ne used i
n the complex terrai
n of the pastoral. This machi
nemai
nly has the adva
ntages of mi
niaturizatio
n, co
nve
nie
nt operatio
n a
nd so o
n. It is suitable for si
ngle ma
n ha
nd operatio
n, which ca
n greatly reduce the labor i
nte
nsity of fruit farmers a
nd improve work efficie
ncy. After determi
ni
ng the requireme
nts of the desig
n of the pi
ne soil fertilizi
ng machi
ne i
n the mou
ntai
n tea garde
n, the parametric modeli
ng is carried out with the help of computer aided desig
n, mai
nly usi
ng the AutoCAD software, drawi
ng the drawi
ngs of the whole machi
ne parts a
nd parts, completi
ng the stre
ngth checki
ng of the key parts, maki
ng a
nd protecti
ng the prototype. The reliability of the certificatio
n work is provided. I
n view of the curre
nt situatio
n of mou
ntai
n tea pla
ntatio
n i
n Chi
na, the gasoli
ne e
ngi
ne provides power a
nd reduces the weight a
nd size of the u
nit. Realizi
ng the moveme
nt characteristics of artificial cultivated la
nd has improved the quality a
nd eco
nomy of loose soil operatio
n. The desig
n of the tra
nsmissio
n system a
nd the walki
ng system has mai
ntai
ned a high versatility a
nd has the value of further developme
nt a
nd popularizatio
n. Keywords: Pi
ne soil fertilizi
ng machi
ne i
n mou
ntai
n tea garde
n; mecha
nical a
nd structural desig
n 目录 第一章绪论 1.1该课题研究的目的和意义 1.2国内外松土施肥机的现状 1.3研究的内容和方法… 第二章方案设计3 2.1施肥松土方案分析3 2.2原理分析3 2.3本章小结3 第三章松土施肥机工作参数设计5 3.1松土机总体方案设计5 3.2主要运动参数确定6 3.3主要性能参数确定7 3.4主要结构参数的确根据直角刀的设计 3.5松土机施肥机功率消耗计算 3.6汽油发动机的选择8 第四章理论计算9 4.1减震弹簧的设计9 4.2刨土轮两端轴承的选用与校核10 4.3本章小结15 第五章结构设计16 5.1总体结构外观展示16 5.2施肥机构设计17 5.3犁结构设计20 5.4刨土轮结构设计 5.5本章小结 第六章总结21 参考文献22 致谢23 第一章绪论 1.1本课题研究的目的和意义 我国是一个农业大国,土地资源丰富。各种各样的土地上生活着广大劳动人民,但是我国农业基础设施落后,主要还是靠人力来作业,生产效率偏低。和发达国家还有很大差距,西方发达国家已经实现了农业机械化,农民可以轻松的种地,几个人能够管理上千亩土地。现今,我国广大农业生产还全靠人力,局部地区半机械,另外我国农业劳动力占据很大比重。因此我国应该积极发展农业机械化,解放广大劳动人民,提高农业生产力。但我国设施农业起步较晚,发展缓慢,尤其是机械化作业水平低下。大多数劳动和作业仍为原始的手工劳动,强度大、工作环境差、效率低。近几年针对山地茶园等特殊耕作环境,国内研制生产了一些小型耕作机械,有的微耕机还设计有多种作业功能,考虑了兼顾露地作业,提高了机械的使用效率。但是由于产品大多存在一些问题,如外型尺寸及结构质量大、操作不灵便、边角地带无法工作、漏耕严重:生产率低、适应性较差、结构复杂;在作业性能、可靠性和耐久性等方面也存在一些问题。本课题所研究的山地茶园松土施肥机,机型小,操作简便,克服了作业空间狭小的弊端;对土壤主要起旋耕作用,由发动机带动松土部件工作,在一定程度上代替了人力,减轻了劳动强度,提高了劳动效率。这对于发展经济、高效、优质和环保的设施农业具有重要的现实意义。结合江西省的地理环境我们可以得知,江西地貌大致可以划分为9个地貌区和9个地貌副区:一为赣西北中低山与丘陵区。二为鄱阳湖湖积冲击平原区。三为赣东北中低山丘陵区。四为赣抚中游河谷阶地与丘陵区。五为赣西中低山区。六为赣中南中低山与丘陵区。土地总面积166947平方公里,占全国土地总面积的1.74%,居华东各省市之首。其中山地60101平方公里(包括中山和低山),占全省总面积的36%;丘陵70117平方公里(包括高丘和低丘)占42%岗地和平原20022平方公里,占12%,水面16667平方公里,占10%。由此可见地虽广,却不适合耕种。如何有效高效地利用着有限的资源显得十分的重要,更能看出江西省大力发展中小型旋耕机的急迫性和重要性。
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na is a large agricultural cou
ntry a
nd a large populatio
n. The dema
nd for grai
n is huge. Although it is a large populatio
n, a large
number of people are co
nfi
ned to the la
nd a
nd have
not bee
n fully tra
nsformed i
nto huma
n resources. Therefore, the developme
nt of Chi
na's agricultural productio
n mode from ma
npower to mecha
nizatio
n, a
nd the developme
nt of agriculture to i
ndustrializatio
n are the i
nevitable tre
nd of improvi
ng agricultural eco
nomic efficie
ncy. The developme
nt of mecha
nizatio
n a
nd i
ndustrializatio
n of agriculture is based o
n moder
n scie
nce a
nd tech
nology a
nd the use of adva
nced productio
n tools. At prese
nt, agricultural machi
nery i
n the plai
n area of our cou
ntry has realized the semi mecha
nized productio
n, which greatly reduced the amou
nt of labor of the farmer's frie
nds, but most of the la
nd i
n our cou
ntry is i
n the complex terrai
n, it must be hilly, mou
ntai
nous a
nd so o
n. It is very difficult to realize mecha
nized productio
n, especially the agricultural mecha
nized productio
n i
n farmla
nd is relatively backward. The mecha
nized operatio
n level of mou
ntai
n tea garde
n i
n Chi
na is still relatively low. Most of the operatio
ns still rely o
n ma
nual labor, with great i
nte
nsity a
nd low efficie
ncy.I
n rece
nt years, some mou
ntai
n tea pla
ntatio
n machi
nery has bee
n i
ntroduced, but there are ma
ny problems such as large volume a
nd poor adaptability. For this purpose, a small loose
n fertilizi
ng machi
ne suitable for mou
ntai
n tea pla
ntatio
n i
n Chi
na was developed. Accordi
ng to the characteristics of soft soil a
nd small space i
n the mou
ntai
n tea garde
n, the co
nve
nie
nt dy
namic co
nditio
ns a
nd the agro
nomic requireme
nts, the structure of the small soil fertilizi
ng machi
ne is determi
ned. The whole machi
ne is mai
nly composed of gasoli
ne e
ngi
ne, tra
nsmissio
n system, loose
ni
ng earth mecha
nism, walki
ng device, operati
ng mecha
nism a
nd so o
n. The gasoli
ne e
ngi
ne provides power a
nd co
n
nects with the reducer with the clutch. The reducer tra
nsfers power to the worki
ng parts to realize the purpose of the pi
ne soil operatio
n. The purpose of applyi
ng fertilizer. This paper mai
nly desig
ned a ki
nd of pi
ne soil fertilizi
ng machi
ne used i
n the complex terrai
n of the pastoral. This machi
nemai
nly has the adva
ntages of mi
niaturizatio
n, co
nve
nie
nt operatio
n a
nd so o
n. It is suitable for si
ngle ma
n ha
nd operatio
n, which ca
n greatly reduce the labor i
nte
nsity of fruit farmers a
nd improve work efficie
ncy. After determi
ni
ng the requireme
nts of the desig
n of the pi
ne soil fertilizi
ng machi
ne i
n the mou
ntai
n tea garde
n, the parametric modeli
ng is carried out with the help of computer aided desig
n, mai
nly usi
ng the AutoCAD software, drawi
ng the drawi
ngs of the whole machi
ne parts a
nd parts, completi
ng the stre
ngth checki
ng of the key parts, maki
ng a
nd protecti
ng the prototype. The reliability of the certificatio
n work is provided. I
n view of the curre
nt situatio
n of mou
ntai
n tea pla
ntatio
n i
n Chi
na, the gasoli
ne e
ngi
ne provides power a
nd reduces the weight a
nd size of the u
nit. Realizi
ng the moveme
nt characteristics of artificial cultivated la
nd has improved the quality a
nd eco
nomy of loose soil operatio
n. The desig
n of the tra
nsmissio
n system a
nd the walki
ng system has mai
ntai
ned a high versatility a
nd has the value of further developme
nt a
nd popularizatio
n. Keywords: Pi
ne soil fertilizi
ng machi
ne i
n mou
ntai
n tea garde
n; mecha
nical a
nd structural desig
n 目录 第一章绪论 1.1该课题研究的目的和意义 1.2国内外松土施肥机的现状 1.3研究的内容和方法… 第二章方案设计3 2.1施肥松土方案分析3 2.2原理分析3 2.3本章小结3 第三章松土施肥机工作参数设计5 3.1松土机总体方案设计5 3.2主要运动参数确定6 3.3主要性能参数确定7 3.4主要结构参数的确根据直角刀的设计 3.5松土机施肥机功率消耗计算 3.6汽油发动机的选择8 第四章理论计算9 4.1减震弹簧的设计9 4.2刨土轮两端轴承的选用与校核10 4.3本章小结15 第五章结构设计16 5.1总体结构外观展示16 5.2施肥机构设计17 5.3犁结构设计20 5.4刨土轮结构设计 5.5本章小结 第六章总结21 参考文献22 致谢23 第一章绪论 1.1本课题研究的目的和意义 我国是一个农业大国,土地资源丰富。各种各样的土地上生活着广大劳动人民,但是我国农业基础设施落后,主要还是靠人力来作业,生产效率偏低。和发达国家还有很大差距,西方发达国家已经实现了农业机械化,农民可以轻松的种地,几个人能够管理上千亩土地。现今,我国广大农业生产还全靠人力,局部地区半机械,另外我国农业劳动力占据很大比重。因此我国应该积极发展农业机械化,解放广大劳动人民,提高农业生产力。但我国设施农业起步较晚,发展缓慢,尤其是机械化作业水平低下。大多数劳动和作业仍为原始的手工劳动,强度大、工作环境差、效率低。近几年针对山地茶园等特殊耕作环境,国内研制生产了一些小型耕作机械,有的微耕机还设计有多种作业功能,考虑了兼顾露地作业,提高了机械的使用效率。但是由于产品大多存在一些问题,如外型尺寸及结构质量大、操作不灵便、边角地带无法工作、漏耕严重:生产率低、适应性较差、结构复杂;在作业性能、可靠性和耐久性等方面也存在一些问题。本课题所研究的山地茶园松土施肥机,机型小,操作简便,克服了作业空间狭小的弊端;对土壤主要起旋耕作用,由发动机带动松土部件工作,在一定程度上代替了人力,减轻了劳动强度,提高了劳动效率。这对于发展经济、高效、优质和环保的设施农业具有重要的现实意义。结合江西省的地理环境我们可以得知,江西地貌大致可以划分为9个地貌区和9个地貌副区:一为赣西北中低山与丘陵区。二为鄱阳湖湖积冲击平原区。三为赣东北中低山丘陵区。四为赣抚中游河谷阶地与丘陵区。五为赣西中低山区。六为赣中南中低山与丘陵区。土地总面积166947平方公里,占全国土地总面积的1.74%,居华东各省市之首。其中山地60101平方公里(包括中山和低山),占全省总面积的36%;丘陵70117平方公里(包括高丘和低丘)占42%岗地和平原20022平方公里,占12%,水面16667平方公里,占10%。由此可见地虽广,却不适合耕种。如何有效高效地利用着有限的资源显得十分的重要,更能看出江西省大力发展中小型旋耕机的急迫性和重要性。
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