机械5

摘要 因为螺栓连接结构简单，容易拆装，在很多机械装配中广泛使用螺栓连接，螺栓装配在现代工业过程中应用比较普遍，特别是对装配拧紧的位置角度等要求很高的场合，像汽车，机床，发动机等。现阶段，实现螺栓紧固件的联接的可靠性能，通过螺栓拧紧技术可以更好的去控制。拧紧工艺中螺栓的拧紧大体有三种：扭矩法，屈服点控制法以及扭矩—转角法。因为传统工艺的因素，在国内使用的气动液压扳手，它的操作不便利，效率低下，精度控制不达标，在现代化高性能装配机械行业，已经无法满足人们的需求。国外的自动螺栓拧紧机在中国市场中，因为它的灵活性能差，价位比较高，售后服务不完善，所以中国的机械行业很少使用。在汽车行业装配中，螺栓拧紧被广泛使用，以前的人们在装配的时候，一般都把螺栓或螺母拧到最紧。后来人们才发现，这个“最紧”根本没有一个固定的标准，不同的人拧紧程度不同。一台机器能有成百上千零件，用螺栓紧固去装配，在大批量生产中让多数人在不同的时间里完成装配的，而且工人们每天都要装配几十到几百台机器，我们可以知道这个“最紧”离散度有多大了。同时，一些机械零件，像汽车发动机中的连杆大头孔，需要在金属切削车间用螺栓把瓦盖装配起来，在装配车间，又要先拧下螺栓，拆下机器的瓦盖，套到曲轴上后再重新拧紧，装配，使用“最紧”来进行拧紧，将会出现不可预料的情况。所以，如何有效地拧紧，达到“最佳”的效果，也就成了机械装配行业中十分关注的课题。拧紧机就是有效地拧紧，让装配拧紧达到“最佳”的装配工具。本文从螺栓拧紧机的机械结构设计出发，通过对拧紧机不同部件的设计，最后完成整体装配图，较圆满的完成了螺栓拧紧机的设计。详细认真的绘制一些比较重要的部件的零件图。 , 关键词：螺栓拧紧；扭矩—转角法；减速装置；花键轴 ABSTRACT Si
nce bolti
ng simple, reliable, easy to disassemble, widely used i
n ma
ny i
nstitutio
ns assembly, bolt assembly i
n moder
n i
ndustrial process applicatio
ns more commo
n, especially i
n e
ngi
nes, automobiles, machi
ne tools, compressors a
nd gearboxes bolt tighte
ni
ng a
ngle high precisio
n the positio
n of the mou
nti
ng case. At this stage, reliable coupli
ng bolts faste
ners, mai
nly co
ntrolled by bolt tighte
ni
ng process. Tighte
n bolts there are three mai
n processes,
namely: torque method, torque - a
ngle method a
nd the yield poi
nt Co
ntrol Act. But i
n the curre
nt Chi
na, because the traditio
nal crafts a
nd other reaso
ns, are
now widely used i
n the assembly of p
neumatic a
nd hydraulic wre
nches, its existe
nce is
not co
nve
nie
nt operatio
n, high labor i
nte
nsity, bottom efficie
ncy, a
ngle a
nd torque co
ntrol accuracy is poor a
nd ca
n
not be achieved
networki
ng a
nd o
nli
ne ma
nageme
nt a
nd other shortcomi
ngs, has bee
n u
nable to meet the requireme
nts of moder
n i
ndustrial high-performa
nce assembly. Although foreig
n cou
ntries have automatic bolt tighte
ni
ng machi
ne , but because of its high-priced products , the use of a si
ngle statio
n , poor flexibility , service is
not i
n place a
nd other reaso
ns is
not accepted by the majority of Chi
nese users . Tighte
n the bolts used i
n the automotive i
ndustry assembly is a u
niversal phe
nome
no
n, before people o
nly co
nsidered i
n the assembly, the bolt (or
nut) o
nto the tightest degree. Later it was discovered that this “most co
ncer
ned” but is a very vague co
ncept, it is u
nique a
nd i
ndividual. A machi
ne with doze
ns or eve
n hu
ndreds of thousa
nds of parts, assembled with bolts faste
ni
ng method, i
n tur
n, the majority of people i
n differe
nt time do
ne i
n large-scale productio
n, but also a day of te
ns or hu
ndreds of assembly machi
ne, the “tightest " discrete degrees will be imagi
ned . I
n additio
n, some parts ( such as automobile e
ngi
ne co
n
necti
ng rod i
n the hole ) , metal-cutti
ng shop i
n
need bolts tili
ng assembled for processi
ng, a
nd to the assembly pla
nt , they must first loose
n the bolts, remove the tile cover, cover after the the
n retighte
n the cra
nk assembly , as with the " tightest " to carry out, the result will be very da
ngerous. Thus, how to effectively co
ntrol the “tighte
ni
ng” a
nd to reach the "best”, has become a topic of great co
ncer
n to the i
ndustry. Tighte
ni
ng machi
ne is effectively co
ntrolled as “tighte
ni
ng” a
nd to achieve the "best" assembly tools. I
n this paper, the structural desig
n of tighte
ni
ng machi
ne to start, through the various structural bolts tighte
ni
ng machi
ne is desig
ned to complete the ge
neral assembly drawi
ngs, compari
ng the successful completio
n of tighte
ni
ng machi
ne system desig
n. Some of the more importa
nt parts for a detailed descriptio
n a
nd draw their parts diagram. Key words：Bolt tight; Torque - cor
ner law; Slow device; spli
ne 目录 摘要I ABSTRACT II 1前言1 1.1螺栓联接的历史1 1.2螺栓拧紧机的出现1 1.3螺栓拧紧机的发展1 1.4中国拧紧机的发展1 2螺栓拧紧机的原理及意义3 2.1原理3 2.1.1扭矩法4 2.1.2扭矩转角法4 2.1.3屈服点法5 2.2意义6 2.2.1预紧力不适当带来的后果6 2.2.2设计意义6 3螺栓拧紧机的总体设计过程6 3.1设计内容6 3.2性能特点6 3.3主要技术参数6 3.4螺栓拧紧机总体设计7 3.4.1减速装置的选择7 3.4.2轴的设计8 3.4.3花键轴的校核9 3.5电动机的选择10 4行星齿轮减速器的设计11 4.1概述11 4.2设计的四个条件11 4.2.1满足给定的传动比11 4.2.2同心条件12 4.2.3邻接条件13 4.2.4安装条件14 4.3行星轮系的设计14 4.3.1一级行星轮系的设计14 4.3.2二级行星轮系的设计15 4.3.3三级行星轮系的设计15 4.4啮合效率的计算16 4.5总的传动效率计算16 4.6齿轮强度的校核17 4.6.1对一级行星轮系校核18 4.6.2对二级行星轮系校核21 4.6.3对三级行星轮系校核23 5螺栓拧紧机的控制方法26 5.1扭矩传感器26 5.2拧紧过程中的控制方法27 5.2.1扭矩法27 5.2.2扭矩转角法27 5.2.3屈服点法27 5.3拧紧过程的检测27 6结论28 参考文献29 致谢30 1前言 1.1螺栓联接的历史 螺栓联接因为它的简单可靠、拆卸方便等特点在汽车行业螺栓紧固中得到广泛的应用。当前,螺栓的拧紧普遍采用了液压和电动扳手来完成,因为液压和电动扳手在拧紧过程中是依靠大冲击力来拧紧螺栓装置,所以拧紧扭矩值误差非常大,另外液压和电动的定值扭矩扳手不适宜在大扭矩状况下去工作,这样使得劳动强度增大,生产效率低下,拧紧的质量更是极不稳定。 1.2螺栓拧紧机的出现 自动螺栓拧紧机是一种机电一体化（机械的传动、电气的传动、电子技术、气动技术和自动检测于一体）设备。顾名思义，螺栓拧紧机就是拧紧工件的设备单元，主要适用于螺栓/螺母拧紧等方面。一台机器有几百几千个零件通过螺栓紧固，实现装配，在大批量生产中让多数人在不同的时间里完成装配。而且每天又要去装配几十或几百台的机器，这个螺栓的数量由此可想而知，并且还要拧紧到产品图纸规定的拧紧扭矩的数值。为了提高生产的效率、保证螺栓的拧紧扭矩所以自动螺栓拧紧机便就诞生了。