三维数控龙门雕刻机机电系统设计 摘要：近年来制造业对单件、小批量、高精度、复杂形体的零件加工要求越来越高，数控雕刻机以其生产效率高、功能全面、通用性好、价格便宜等优点迅速在模具、装饰品、电子产品等行业有了广泛的应用。其中龙门雕刻机以其加工精度高，工作性能好得到了广泛的应用和推广。 本文以三维数控固定龙门雕刻机的机电系统设计为例，结合雕刻加工的小刀具、高速加工的特点，分析了台式数控龙门雕刻机Z轴的设计过程，包括机床总体方案设计、主传动系统设计和Z向进给传动系统的机械结构设计。Z向进给传动系统中主要分析了丝杠的安装，以及相关固定和支承。计算主要有两个方面：对滚珠丝杠和Z轴电机的选择计算和校核。为了提高分析的准确性，我对横梁结构进行了有限元分析。此外，我还进行了数控系统的选择，数控系统是机床自动化的重要组成部分,其性能直接影响到加工的精度、效率及生产企业的效益。本文详细介绍了数控系统及驱动单元的原理及其优缺点,如何选择性价比最好、最合适的数控系统及驱动单元。 通过对数控雕刻机的总体及零部件设计，得出了一套关于三维雕刻机的系统设计方案及准则。课题通过资料查阅和软件仿真相结合的方法实现机械结构的优化设计，具有一定的实用意义和参考价值。 关键字：雕刻机，滚珠丝杠，Z轴电机，有限元分析，数控系统，优化设计 Abstract I
n rece
nt years, the ma
nufacturi
ng i
ndustry has i
ncreasi
ngly higher requireme
nts for the processi
ng of si
ngle-piece, small-batch, high-precisio
n, a
nd complex-shaped parts. CNC e
ngravi
ng machi
nes are rapidly developi
ng molds due to their high productio
n efficie
ncy, comprehe
nsive fu
nctio
ns, good versatility, a
nd low price , Decoratio
ns, electro
nic products a
nd other i
ndustries have a wide ra
nge of applicatio
ns. Amo
ng them, the ga
ntry e
ngravi
ng machi
ne has bee
n widely used a
nd promoted for its high processi
ng accuracy a
nd good worki
ng performa
nce. This paper takes the electromecha
nical system desig
n of a three-dime
nsio
nal CNC fixed ga
ntry e
ngravi
ng machi
ne as a
n example, combi
ned with the characteristics of small cutti
ng tools a
nd high-speed processi
ng, a
nd a
nalyzes the desig
n process of the Z-axis of the desktop CNC ga
ntry e
ngravi
ng machi
ne, i
ncludi
ng the overall pla
n desig
n of the machi
ne tool a
nd the desig
n of the mai
n drive system. A
nd the mecha
nical structure desig
n of Z-directio
n feed drive system. The Z-directio
n feed drive system mai
nly a
nalyzes the i
nstallatio
n of the lead screw, as well as the related fixi
ng a
nd support. There are two mai
n aspects of calculatio
n: calculatio
n a
nd verificatio
n of the selectio
n of ball screw a
nd Z-axis motor. I
n order to improve the accuracy of the a
nalysis, I co
nducted a fi
nite eleme
nt a
nalysis of the beam structure. I
n additio
n, I also selected the
numerical co
ntrol system. The
numerical co
ntrol system is a
n importa
nt part of the machi
ne tool automatio
n, a
nd its performa
nce directly affects the processi
ng accuracy, efficie
ncy a
nd the be
nefit of the productio
n e
nterprise. This article i
ntroduces the pri
nciple a
nd adva
ntages a
nd disadva
ntages of CNC system a
nd drive u
nit i
n detail, a
nd how to choose the most suitable a
nd cost-effective CNC system a
nd drive u
nit. Through the overall desig
n of the CNC e
ngravi
ng machi
ne a
nd its parts, a set of system desig
n schemes a
nd guideli
nes for the three-dime
nsio
nal e
ngravi
ng machi
ne are derived. The subject realizes the optimizatio
n desig
n of the mecha
nical structure through the method of combi
ni
ng i
nformatio
n review a
nd software simulatio
n, which has certai
n practical sig
nifica
nce a
nd refere
nce value. Keywords: e
ngravi
ng machi
ne, ball screw, Z-axis motor, fi
nite eleme
nt a
nalysis,
numerical co
ntrol system, optimized desig
n 目录 摘要6 Abstract 7 1.引言10 1.1雕刻机概述10 1.2雕刻机的发展现状10 1.3研制雕刻机的目的和意义11 1.4雕刻机的未来发展趋势11 2.设计任务12 2.1设计概述12 2.2设计目的12 2.3设计要求12 2.4主要任务13 3．雕刻机的总体结构布局14 3.1雕刻机总体布局的基本要求14 3.2影响雕刻机布局的基本因素14 3.3坐标系的确定15 3.4三维雕刻机的机械结构16 3.4.1进给系统16 3.5三维雕刻机的电气结构19 3.6三维雕刻机的工作原理图20 4.典型零件工艺分析20 4.1滚珠丝杠工艺分析20 4.2 T型台工艺分析21 4.3三轴滑块工艺分析21 5.三坐标数控雕刻机机电系统的设计22 5.1设计参数的确定22 5.2机械系统基本计算22 5.2.1确定系统脉冲当量22 5.2.2刀具的选用23 5.2.3导轨与滑块选型24 5.2.4导轨与滑块结构25 5.2.6滑块行程设计25 5.2.7丝杠设计（以Z轴为例） 27 5.2.8刚度验算28 5.2.9压杆稳定性验算30 5.2.8传动比的确定30 5.3驱动部件选型31 5.3.1电主轴选型31 5.3.2 AC伺服电动机选择（以Z轴电机为例） 32 6.横梁结构的有限元模态分析及优化35 6.1有限元模态分析35 6.2横梁结构的优化37 6.2.1龙门横梁CAE模型建立37 6.2.2龙门横梁静力学分析37 7.电气系统设计39 7.1三菱控制系统39 7.2变频器的控制程序43 8.数控系统的选用46 8.1 NC选型46 8.2分析优点及选择50 8.3数控系统接线及输入输出接口51 8.4插补法58 8.5控制程序60 9．结论63 9.1总结63 9.2数控雕刻机的发展展望63 参考文献64 致谢65 附录66 1.引言 1.1雕刻机概述 雕刻是一门传统的工艺，在中国的古代便已经有雕刻这门技术。而如今我们不在是通过手工来进行雕刻，而是通过机器来实现雕刻工艺。随着市场需求不断扩大，雕刻工艺涉及到了方方面面，不仅是在首饰、工艺品等行业，很多日用品也需要雕刻工艺，所以这使得雕刻工艺走向自动化发展成为必然。 从工艺上，雕刻可分为全自由度空间雕刻、三维立体雕刻和二维平面雕刻。其中，全自由度空间雕刻主要用于一些形状复杂的工艺品或大型艺术作品的雕刻，如玉雕、冰雕、沙雕等；这些制品往往注重艺术创作性，制品的形状复杂、随意性强、工艺性差；因此这类产品