苹果树起苗机的设计 摘要 中国的苹果种植面积在世界上居于首位，在我国，苹果树苗木的培养正在朝着规模化和标准化的方向发展。在果树培育中，起苗这一环节在苹果树苗木的出圃中占有重要地位。苹果树苗木起苗的机械化在世界上许多发达国家已经成为了现实。目前在我们国家，使用的起苗方式还是以人力起苗为主，机械化的起苗方法并不常见，所谓的机械式的起苗也只是通过人力改装普通的农机具进行一些简单的起苗作业。这种机械式的起苗作业效率很低，还会耗费大量的人力，最终起苗的效果也是不尽如人意，不但伤根，还会使许多果树成活不了。在这样的现实条件下，设计并生产出来专用的苹果树起苗机是很有意义的。 本文分析了苹果树苗的背景、目的、重要性和当前发展，针对我国的育苗技术研究和果树造林技术要求，我们利用园艺和农机技术相结合的方法，参考苹果树苗木根系生长状况的信息，设计了一种特定的苹果果树起苗机。这个苹果树起苗机的起苗铲通过侧向固定的方法，对苹果树苗木进行挖掘、松土以及起苗，起苗后的树苗仍然整齐排列，之后利用人力进行捡拾和包装。 本文设计了苹果树起苗机的整个结构及各个零部件，运用有限元分析技术对起苗铲的设计进行了优化，并将起苗铲的形状从U型更改为L型，这不仅减小了起苗铲的质量，还降低了其在田间作业时土壤的阻力。此起苗机的运动由拖拉机牵引实现，拖拉机提供的功率为36.8KW，起苗机作业效率为6-8（棵/秒）。 关键词：果树苗木；苹果苗；起苗铲；参数优化 英文摘要 The desig
n of the apple tree seedli
ng machi
ne Abstract Chi
na's apple pla
nti
ng area ra
nks first i
n the world. I
n my cou
ntry, the cultivatio
n of apple tree seedli
ngs is developi
ng i
n the directio
n of scale a
nd sta
ndardizatio
n. I
n the cultivatio
n of fruit trees, the seedli
ng process occupies a
n importa
nt positio
n i
n the emerge
nce of apple tree seedli
ngs. The mecha
nizatio
n of apple tree seedli
ngs has become a reality i
n ma
ny developed cou
ntries i
n the world. At prese
nt, i
n our cou
ntry, the seedli
ng raisi
ng method used is mai
nly huma
n seedli
ng. The mecha
nized seedli
ng raisi
ng method is
not commo
n. The so-called mecha
nical seedli
ng raisi
ng is o
nly through the ma
nual modificatio
n of ordi
nary agricultural machi
nery to carry out some simple seedli
ng operatio
ns. This ki
nd of mecha
nical seedli
ng raisi
ng operatio
n is very i
nefficie
nt a
nd co
nsumes a lot of ma
npower. I
n the e
nd, the effect of seedli
ng raisi
ng is
not satisfactory. It
not o
nly damages the roots, but also makes ma
ny fruit trees u
nable to survive. U
nder such realistic co
nditio
ns, it is mea
ni
ngful to desig
n a
nd produce a dedicated apple tree seedli
ng machi
ne. This article a
nalyzes the backgrou
nd, purpose, importa
nce a
nd curre
nt developme
nt of apple tree seedli
ngs. Aimi
ng at the tech
nical requireme
nts of my cou
ntry’s seedli
ng cultivatio
n tech
nology a
nd fruit tree afforestatio
n, we use a combi
natio
n of horticulture a
nd agricultural machi
nery tech
nology a
nd refer to the i
nformatio
n o
n the root growth of apple tree seedli
ngs to desig
n A specific apple fruit tree seedli
ng machi
ne was developed. The seedli
ng shovel of this apple tree seedli
ng machi
ne uses lateral fixatio
n method to excavate, loose
n soil a
nd seedli
ngs of apple tree seedli
ngs. After seedli
ngs, the seedli
ngs are still
neatly arra
nged, a
nd the
n picked up a
nd packed by ma
npower. I
n this paper, the e
ntire structure a
nd various parts of the apple tree seedli
ng lifter are desig
ned, the fi
nite eleme
nt a
nalysis tech
nology is used to optimize the desig
n of the seedli
ng shovel, a
nd the shape of the seedli
ng shovel is cha
nged from U-shaped to L-shaped, which
not o
nly reduces the quality of the seedli
ng shovel is improved, a
nd the soil resista
nce duri
ng field operatio
ns is also reduced. The moveme
nt of the seedli
ng lifter is realized by the tractor. The power provided by the tractor is 36.8KW, a
nd the operati
ng efficie
ncy of the seedli
ng lifter is 6-8 (trees/sec). Keywords：fruit sapli
ngs; apple seedli
ngs; seedli
ng shovels; parameter optimizatio
n 目录 1绪论1 1.1课题研究的背景1 1.2课题研究的目的和意义1 1.3国内外机械化起苗现状2 1.3.1国外研究现状2 1.3.2国内研究现状2 2苹果树苗木起苗园艺技术4 3技术任务书5 3.1起苗机设计依据5 3.2起苗机设计要求5 3.2.1整机的技术要求5 3.2.2主要零部件要求5 3.3起苗机的总体结构及工作原理5 3.4起苗机的设计原则6 4设计计算说明书7 4.1总体结构及主要技术参数7 4.2起苗铲的设计及优化7 4.2.1起苗铲的设计7 4.2.2起苗铲的三维建模9 4.2.3起苗铲的应力分析9 4.2.4起苗铲的参数优化12 4.3平衡铲的设计15 4.4限深轮的设计15 4.5松土装置的设计16 4.5.1抖土器的设计17 4.5.2减速器的设计17 5使用说明书20 5.1总体结构及主要参数20 5.1.1总体结构20 5.1.2主要参数20 5.2使用与调整21 5.3维护与保养21 5.3.1作业期的维护保养21 5.3.2封存期的维护保养21 6标准化审查报告22 结论23 参考文献24 致谢25